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Hormones

IodineEvidence & Dosage

Thyroid, recommendations, caution with Hashimoto's, daily requirement.

Evidence at a glance

Total studies
172
With abstract
47
Meta / Systematic / RCT
2
Highly cited
31
Publication years
1990–2026

Iodine in the context of Hormones

This topic is part of our "Hormones" world. There you'll find methodology, evidence and the highest-impact levers — plus the order in which they sensibly build on each other.

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Top studies on Iodine

Ranked by influential-citation count and publication year.

  1. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

    J Clin Endocrinol Metab2002n=17,353Study200 influential citations

    NHANES III measured serum TSH, total serum T(4), antithyroperoxidase (TPOAb), and antithyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies from a sample of 17,353 people aged > or =12 yr representing the geographic and ethnic distribution of the U.S.…

  2. Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We've Been and Where We're Going.

    Adv Ther2019Review162 influential citations

    Hypothyroidism affects up to 5% of the general population, with a further estimated 5% being undiagnosed. Over 99% of affected patients suffer from primary hypothyroidism. Worldwide, environmental iodine deficiency is the most common cause…

  3. Thyroidectomy without Radioiodine in Patients with Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer.

    The New England journal of medicine2022n=730155 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>In patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy, the postoperative administration of radioiodine (iodine-131) is controversial in the absence of demonstrated benefits.<h4>Methods</h4>In…

  4. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels.

    Int J Mol Sci2021n=5,766Review144 influential citations

    Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid…

  5. Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013?

    Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association2013130 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Dietary iodine intake is required for the production of thyroid hormone. Consequences of iodine deficiency include goiter, intellectual impairments, growth retardation, neonatal hypothyroidism, and increased pregnancy…

  6. 2022 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of pediatric Graves' disease.

    Eur Thyroid J2022Study115 influential citations

    Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (GD) is a relatively rare disease in children. Treatment options are the same as in adults - antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) or thyroid surgery, but the risks and benefits of each…

  7. Risks of Iodine Excess.

    Endocrine reviews2024112 influential citations

    Iodine is a micronutrient that is required for thyroid hormone synthesis. The iodide cycle in thyroid hormone synthesis consists of a series of transport, oxidation, organification, and binding/coupling steps in thyroid follicular cells.…

  8. Optimal and safe upper limits of iodine intake for early pregnancy in iodine-sufficient regions: a cross-sectional study of 7190 pregnant women in China.

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism201595 influential citations

    <h4>Context</h4>The WHO Technical Consultation recommends urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) from 250 to 499 μg/L as more-than-adequate iodine intake and UIC ≥ 500 μg/L as excessive iodine for pregnant and lactating women, but scientific…

  9. Hypothyroidism: A Review.

    JAMA2025Study86 influential citations

    IMPORTANCE: Hypothyroidism is a disease of thyroid hormone deficiency. The prevalence ranges from 0.3% to 12% worldwide, depending on iodine intake, and it is more common in women and older adults. Untreated hypothyroidism can cause…

  10. Thyroid function and iodine intake: global recommendations and relevant dietary trends.

    Nature reviews. Endocrinology202481 influential citations

    Iodine is a micronutrient that is essential for thyroid hormone production. Adequate iodine intake is especially important during pregnancy and early life, when brain development is dependent on thyroid hormones. Iodine intake…

Frequently asked

What dosage was studied?
• Serum measurement of TSH, total T4, TPOAb, and TgAb (not reported) • Iodine supplementation / universal salt iodization / adequate iodine intake (Optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt in the range of 150-250 microg/d for adults) • Levothyroxine treatment (1.6 µg/kg/day starting dose in adults with overt hypothyroidism)
Which population does the evidence apply to?
Most studies investigated: unknown; patient.
Are there safety considerations for Iodine?
• Not reported; population survey with no intervention adverse event reporting. • Iodized salt may transiently increase thyroid disorders in chronically deficient regions. • Risks of iodine excess are described as relatively small compared with deficiency. • Adequate iodine during parenteral nutrition is particularly important in preterm infants.

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