Back to Hormones
Hormones

TestosteroneEvidence & Dosage

Testosterone optimization for energy, libido, muscle building, and vitality.

Studies last updated

Evidence at a glance

Total studies
1,000
With abstract
50
Meta / Systematic / RCT
89
Highly cited
42
Publication years
1959–2026

Testosterone in the context of Hormones

This topic is part of our "Hormones" world. There you'll find methodology, evidence and the highest-impact levers — plus the order in which they sensibly build on each other.

Go to Hormones

Top studies on Testosterone

Ranked by influential-citation count and publication year.

  1. The regulation of spermatogenesis by androgens.

    Semin Cell Dev Biol2014Review200 influential citations

    Testosterone is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis and male fertility. However, the molecular mechanisms by which testosterone acts have not begun to be revealed until recently. With the advances obtained from the use of transgenic…

  2. Associations of Testosterone and Related Hormones With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Men : Individual Participant Data Meta-analyses.

    Ann Intern Med2024n=24,109Meta-Analysis141 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Whether circulating sex hormones modulate mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in aging men is controversial.<h4>Purpose</h4>To clarify associations of sex hormones with these outcomes.<h4>Data…

  3. Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements.

    Sports Med2010review114 influential citations

    Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenic-anabolic hormones, and its biological effects include promotion of muscle growth. In muscle, testosterone stimulates protein synthesis (anabolic effect) and inhibits…

  4. Gonadotropins for pubertal induction in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Eur J Endocrinol2024n=532Meta-Analysis87 influential citations

    <h4>Objective</h4>Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is characterized by inadequate secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, leading to absent, partial, or arrested puberty. In males, classical treatment with testosterone promotes virilization but…

  5. Testosterone in women--the clinical significance.

    Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol2015Review84 influential citations

    Testosterone is an essential hormone for women, with physiological actions mediated directly or via aromatisation to oestradiol throughout the body. Despite the crucial role of testosterone and the high circulating concentrations of this…

  6. Gonads under stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of acute psychosocial stress on gonadal steroids secretion in humans.

    Psychoneuroendocrinology2024n=881Meta-Analysis76 influential citations

    Animal research has shown that the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is inhibited by (chronic and/or severe) stress, which can lead to impaired fertility and reproductive functioning, presumably caused by the inhibition of gonadal…

    Finding: Both the literature review and the quantitative meta-analysis suggested that acute stress stimulates rather than inhibits HPG axis activity in humans.

  7. Human chorionic gonadotropin-based clinical treatments for infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia.

    Andrology2026Review70 influential citations

    Spermatogenesis is primarily controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone-driven testosterone. Luteinizing hormone acts on the Leydig cells, stimulating steroid production, predominantly testosterone, and activating…

  8. Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction.

    Cochrane Database Syst Rev2024n=11,419Systematic Review62 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Clinical practice guidelines recommend testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for men with sexual dysfunction and testosterone deficiency. However, TRT is commonly promoted in men without testosterone deficiency and…

  9. Correlation between serum zinc and testosterone: A systematic review.

    J Trace Elem Med Biol2023n=38Systematic Review51 influential citations

    Zinc is a vital trace element for normal function of the living system. In male, zinc is involved in various biological processes, an important function of which is as a balancer of hormones such as testosterone. For this purpose, studies…

  10. Association between testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of 30 randomized controlled trials.

    Prog Cardiovasc Dis2024n=11,502Meta-Analysis42 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>The Cardiovascular safety of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) among men with hypogonadism is not well established to date. Hence, we sought to evaluate the cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes among patients…

Frequently asked

What dosage was studied?
• Baseline circulating sex hormones measured by mass spectrometry (testosterone, SHBG, LH, DHT, estradiol) (Not applicable)
Are there safety considerations for Testosterone?
• No treatment was given; no adverse events were reported. • Findings apply to endogenous hormone levels, not exogenous dosing. • Men with prior orchidectomy or androgen/anti-androgen use were excluded. • Gynaecomastia was a frequently reported adverse effect.

Related articles

More topics in Hormones

Adrenal Fatigue

A contested concept — what the evidence shows vs. how it's marketed.

Adrenal Glands

Cortisol, DHEA, adrenaline — the stress response and daily rhythm.

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline

Acute stress response, sympathetic nervous system, attention and reaction.

Chronic Stress

Allostatic load, immune and metabolic consequences, interventions.

Cortisol Daily Profile

The diurnal rhythm, CAR (cortisol awakening response), saliva measurement.

Cortisol Management

HPA axis, stress curve, adaptogens, and a healthy daily rhythm.

Cravings

Causes: blood-sugar swings, sleep deprivation, emotional eating.

Cycle Phases

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase — adapting training and nutrition.

DHEA

DHEA as a precursor hormone for hormonal balance and vitality.

DHT

The most potent androgen metabolite — hair loss, prostate, libido.

Endometriosis

A chronic inflammatory disease — diagnosis, options, lifestyle factors.

Estrogen Balance

Women's optimization, aromatase, phytoestrogens, and menopause.

Free Testosterone

Bioavailable testosterone, SHBG's influence, clinical relevance.

fT3 & fT4

Free thyroid hormones — peripheral conversion and activity.

Ghrelin

Hunger hormone, sleep's influence, intermittent-fasting adaptation.

GLP-1

Glucagon-like peptide 1 — incretin, satiety, blood sugar, semaglutide's mechanism.

Growth Hormone (GH/IGF-1)

Sleep secretion, secretagogues and IGF-1 as biomarker

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Autoimmune thyroid disease — TPO/TG antibodies, selenium, iodine caution.

Hormonal Contraception

The pill, IUD, risk profiles, side effects, alternatives.

Hormonal System

Endocrine glands, hormone axes, feedback loops — how hormones steer behavior and metabolism.

Related topics from other worlds