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Hormones

TSHEvidence & Dosage

The sensitive first-line marker — read alongside fT3/fT4 and symptoms.

Evidence at a glance

Total studies
317
With abstract
48
Meta / Systematic / RCT
10
Highly cited
17
Publication years
1984–2026

TSH in the context of Hormones

This topic is part of our "Hormones" world. There you'll find methodology, evidence and the highest-impact levers — plus the order in which they sensibly build on each other.

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Top studies on TSH

Ranked by influential-citation count and publication year.

  1. Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

    Thyroid2024n=35meta177 influential citations

    Background: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas. Selenium is an essential trace element required for thyroid hormone synthesis and exerts antioxidant effects. Therefore, it may…

    Finding: No significant changes were observed in fT4, T4, fT3, T3, TGAb, thyroid volume, IL-2, and IL-10.

  2. TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial (Basel Thyroid Study).

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2001n=6677 influential citations

    This study evaluated the effect of physiological, TSH-guided, L-thyroxine treatment on serum lipids and clinical symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Sixty-six women with proven subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH, 11.7 +/-…

  3. The optimal healthy ranges of thyroid function defined by the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

    Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol2023n=134,346Meta-Analysis69 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Reference intervals of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT<sub>4</sub>) are statistically defined by the 2·5-97·5th percentiles, without accounting for potential risk of clinical outcomes. We aimed…

  4. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and associated factors among adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 2000-2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Systematic reviews202464 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Thyroid dysfunction (TD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently co-occur and have overlapping pathologies, and their risk increases with age. Thyroid dysfunction along with T2DM will worsen macro- and…

  5. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on autoantibodies and thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Medicine (Baltimore)2023n=862Meta-Analysis53 influential citations

    Background: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the prevailing form of autoimmune thyroiditis and the leading cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation…

  6. A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism.

    The American journal of medicine2002n=4049 influential citations

    <h4>Purpose</h4>The role of thyroxine replacement in subclinical hypothyroidism remains unclear. We performed a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effects of thyroxine treatment for mild subclinical…

  7. Mechanisms in Thyroid Eye Disease: The TSH Receptor Interacts Directly With the IGF-1 Receptor

    Endocrinology202534 influential citations

    The pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease (TED) has been suggested as due to signal enhancement in orbital fibroblasts as a result of autoantibody-induced, synergistic interaction between the TSH receptor (TSHR) and the IGF-1 receptor…

  8. TSH upregulates CYP4B1 through the PI3K/AKT/CREB pathway to promote cardiac hypertrophy

    Journal of Endocrinological Investigation202532 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is closely associated with heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear.<h4>Methods</h4>Cardiomyocytes treated with thyroid-stimulating hormone…

  9. Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) as a possible risk factor for atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism

    Thyroid Research202425 influential citations

    Primary hypothyroidism (PHT) is associated with an increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and other cardiovascular disorders. PHT induces atherosclerosis (AS) through the induction of endothelial dysfunction, and…

  10. Combining TSH measurement with TIRADS assessment to further improve the detection of thyroid cancers

    Minerva Endocrinology2024n=9712 influential citations

    <h4>Background</h4>Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADSs) have demonstrated high performance in risk stratification of thyroid nodules (TNs). However, further improvements are needed in view of the ongoing project of an…

Frequently asked

What does the evidence say about TSH?
No significant changes were observed in fT4, T4, fT3, T3, TGAb, thyroid volume, IL-2, and IL-10.
What dosage was studied?
• Selenium supplementation (80 to 400 μg/day) • Assessment of thyroid function (TSH and FT4) (Not applicable)
Are there safety considerations for TSH?
• No significant difference in adverse events versus control (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.75). • Five cohorts reported 2-19 adverse events, including GI symptoms, dizziness, and hair loss. • Miscarriages were among reported adverse events in pregnant participants. • Excess selenium intake at 300-400 μg/day can cause acute toxicity.

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